目的: 评估经颅直流电刺激用于治疗轻度认知障碍及轻中度阿尔茨海默病的疗效及安全性。方法: 检索建库至2022年3月发表在Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane Central Register of controlled Trials、ClinicalTrails.gov、中国生物医学数据库、知网、万方、维普等数据库的文章。主要结局指标为干预前后的主要认知功能变化,次要结局指标为出现的不良事件情况。采用Review Manager 5.2软件对提取数据进行分析,并使用Cochrane偏倚风险评价工具对纳入文献进行质量评价。结果: 最终纳入23项研究,其中18项研究(20个数据组)纳入定量分析,共计953人。发现经颅直流电刺激对认知功能存在改善作用(SMD=0.75, 95%CI=[0.42,1.08],P<0.00001);亚组分析提示其在轻度认知障碍(SMD=0.20,95%CI= [0.02,0.37],P=0.03)和轻中度阿尔茨海默病(SMD=0.79,95%CI=[0.53,1.04],P<0.00001)人群中均有效,优化的参数选择为单侧/双侧额颞顶叶、0.06mA/cm2的电流密度,进行≤20次刺激存在认知获益的。结论: 经颅直流电刺激有利于轻度认知障碍和轻中度阿尔茨海默病的认知改善,推荐刺激部位在单侧/双侧额颞顶叶附近,采用0.06mA/cm2的电流密度,进行较短期的治疗,有待更多的高质量研究对更高的电流密度以及延长治疗周期的疗效进行探索。
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Methods: These articles published in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese Biomedical Database, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and other Chinese and English databases before March 8, 2022 were searched, with a supplementary search of unpublished clinical trials on Clinicaltrails.gov. The primary outcome is the change of score in the main cognitive function scale before and after the intervention, and the secondary outcome was the occurrence of adverse reactions. Review Manager 5.2 software was used to summarize and analyze the extracted data, and Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Results: Twenty-three studies were included, of which 18 studies (20 data groups) were included in quantitative analysis, with a total of 953 people. Comprehensive all included study indicates the anode transcranial direct current stimulation to improve cognitive function (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI = [0.42, 1.08], P < 0.00001); Subgroup analysis suggested that was effective in both mild cognitive impairment(SMD=0.20, 95%CI= [0.02, 0.37], P=0.03) and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (SMD=0.79, 95%CI=[0.53, 1.04], P < 0.00001). The optimized parameters of transcranial direct current stimulation were unilateral/bilateral frontotemporal parietal lobe, 0.06mA/cm2 current density, and ≤20 times of stimulation has been proved to have cognitive benefits. Conclusion: Transcranial direct current stimulation is safe and effective for the treatment of cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. According to current research data, the recommended stimulation site is unilateral/bilateral frontotemporal parietal lobe, and 0.06mA/cm2 current density is used in a short-term treatment. More high-quality studies are needed to explore the benefits of higher current densities and prolonged treatment cycles.
经颅直流电刺激 / 轻度认知障碍 / 阿尔茨海默病 / 系统评价
Transcranial direct current stimulation / Mild cognitive impairment / Alzheimer's disease / Systematic review
表1 纳入研究一般特征Tab.1 General characteristics of included studies |
纳入研究 | 地区 | 纳入人群 | 教育程度(年) | 年龄 (岁) | 性别 (男/女) | 研究设计 | 干预措施 | 刺激部位 | 电流(mA) | 电流密度(mA/cm2) | 刺激持续时间 | 刺激次数 | 结果 | 失访人数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferrucci 2008 | 意大利 | 可能的AD | 10.9±4.8 10.9±4.8 | 75.2±7.3 75.2±7.3 | 3/7 3/7 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 双侧颞顶区各15min | 1.5 | 0.06 | 30min | 单次 | 可改善AD单词再认记忆 | 4 |
Boggio 2012 | 意大利 | AD | 14.4±3.7 14.4±3.7 | 78.9±8.1 78.9±8.1 | 8/7 8/7 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 双侧颞叶 | 2 | 0.06 | 30min 连续5天 | 5次 | 能改善AD视觉识别记忆 | 0 |
Cotelli 2014 | 意大利 | 可能的轻中度AD | 5.5±2.4 8.9±5.1 | 76.6±4.6 74.7±6.1 | 2/10 3/9 | RCT | 认知训练+阳极tDCS 认知训练+安慰剂tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.08 | 25min 5次/周,2周 | 10次 | 无影响 | 4 |
Khedr 2014 | 埃及 | 可能的轻中度AD | NM | 68.5±7.2 67.3±5.9 | 6/5 5/6 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.08 | 25min 连续10天 | 10次 | 可改善整体认知功能 | 0 |
胡荣亮 2016 | 中国 | aMCI | 8.7±3.7 8.4±4.3 | 67.9±5.3 68.3±3.7 | 12/6 13/8 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 右侧小脑 | 1.2 | 0.03 | 20min 连续5天 | 5次 | 可改善言语工作记忆能力 | 0 |
王东 2016 | 中国 | AD | NM | 67.3±5.9 68.5±7.2 | 36/24 34/26 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2.5-5 | NM | 25min 连续10天 | 10次 | 可改善认知功能 | 0 |
Gomes 2019 | 巴西 | MCI | NM | 73.0±9.2 71.6±7.9 | 9/20 7/22 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.08 | 30min 2次/周,5周 | 10次 | 可提高记忆力、语言流畅性和执行功能 | 0 |
Im 2019 | 韩国 | 早期可能的AD | 6.3±3.8 5.4±5.9 | 71.9±9.2 74.9±5.0 | 1/10 2/5 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.07 | 30min 6个月 | 180次 | 可改善整体认知功能和命名 | 2 |
Khedr 2019 | 埃及 | 可能的轻中度AD | 4.0±2.8 3.5±2.0 | 64.2±3.6 65.2±4.5 | 13/10 13/8 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 双侧颞顶叶各20min | 2 | 0.06 | 40min 5次/周,2周 | 10次 | 整体认知功能改善 | 2 |
lu 2019 | 中国 香港 | 轻度认知障碍(AD) | 7.3±4.8 6.5±4.3 | 74.2±6.7 74.5±6.6 | 21/42 17/36 | RCT | WMT+阳极tDCS WMT+假tDCS | 左侧外侧颞叶皮质 | 2 | 0.06 | 20min 3次/周,4周 | 12次 | tDCS联合工作记忆训练可改善认知功能 | 28 |
Martin 2019 | 澳大利亚 | aMCI | 14.5±3.5 14.9±3.2 | 71.8±6.4 71.6±6.4 | 13/20 10/25 | RCT | 认知训练+阳极tDCS 认知训练+假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.06 | 30min 3次/周,5周 | 15次 | 未产生更显著的记忆改善 | 13 |
徐颖2019(1) | 中国 | MCI | 10.4±2.8 10.0±2.9 | 59.5±5.4 61.8±6.5 | 7/32 13/26 | RCT | 太极拳+阳极tDCS 太极拳+假tDCS | 右侧DLPFC | 2 | NM | 20min 3次/周,12周 | 36次 | 太极拳联合tDCS改善MCI患者整体认知功能和注意力 | 13 |
徐颖2019(2) | 中国 | MCI | 8.7±3.0 8.7±3.0 | 60.3±7.3 58.2±5.4 | 20/19 14/25 | RCT | 健步走+阳极tDCS 健步走+假tDCS | 右侧DLPFC | 2 | NM | 20min 3次/周,12周 | 36次 | 注意力改善 | 17 |
Fileccia 2019 | 意大利 | MCI | 10.5±4.1 11.5±3.7 | 71.6±5.8 69.7±6.6 | 13/4 11/6 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.06 | 20min 5次/周,4周 | 20 | 对MCI认知改善有益 | 0 |
Stonsaovapak2020 | 泰国 | MCI | NM | 68.4±8.4 69.7±7.6 | 2/21 2/20 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 右侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.08 | 20min 3次/周,4周 | 12次 | 可改善认知功能 | 1 |
胡荣亮 2020 | 中国 | aMCI | NM | 64.1±3.4 65.0±3.8 | 12/8 11/9 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 1 | 0.11 | 20min 5次/周,2周 | 10次 | 可提高言语工作记忆能力 | 0 |
Gangemi 2021(1) | 意大利 | 轻度AD | 6.5±2.0 6.1±2.1 | 67.5±2.8 69.0±3.1 | 10/16 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧额颞叶 | 2 | 2.5 | 20min 10天 | 10次 | 减缓AD病程 | NM |
Gangemi 2021(2) | 意大利 | 轻度AD | 6.7±2.0 6.2±2.7 | 68.5±2.8 68.7±3.1 | 5/13 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧额颞叶 | 2 | 2.5 | 20min 10天/月 8个月 | 80次 | 减缓AD病程 | NM |
Gonzalez 2021 | 中国香港 | MCI | 9.7±3.6 9.7±3.6 | 69.8±5.3 71.0±6.2 | 6/15 8/16 | RCT | 认知训练+阳极tDCS 认知训练+假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 1.5 | 0.1 | 30min 3次/周,3周 | 9次 | 提高了任务特异性结局的处理速度 | 3 |
He 2021 | 中国 | MCI | 10.4±3.1 9.0±2.5 | 63.5±4.8 65.6±3.5 | 7/17 4/15 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 1 | NM | 20min 5次/周,2周 | 10次 | 无效 | 0 |
Rodella 2021 | 意大利 | MCI | 11.1±5.0 9.7 ± 5.0 | 71.6±5.7 75.1±4.8 | 8/5 9/6 | RCT | CoRE+阳极tDCS CoRE+假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.125 | 30min 4次/周,3周 | 12次 | 对整体认知功能无显著影响 | 5 |
Suemoto 2014 | 巴西 | 可能的中度AD | 5.0±4.2 4.5±3.9 | 79.4±7.1 81.6±8.0 | 5/15 7/13 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.06 | 20min 3次/周,2周 | 6次 | 无明显改善作用 | 0 |
Bystad 2016 | 挪威 | 可能的AD | NM | 70.0±8.0 75.0±8.7 | 7/5 7/6 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧颞叶 | 2 | 0.06 | 30min 10天 | 6次 | 无明显改善 | 1 |
Yun 2016 | 韩国 | MCI | 8.1±4.9 5.6±2.4 | 74.8±7.5 73.1±4.3 | 3/5 2/6 | RCT | 阳极tDCS 假tDCS | 左侧DLPFC | 2 | 0.08 | 30min 3次/周,3周 | 9次 | 主观记忆满意度和记忆策略的改善 | 0 |
Das2019 | 美国 | MCI | 17.9±3.9 16.2±1.8 | 62.6±8.4 63.3±7.4 | 4/8 2/8 | RCT | SMART+阳极tDCS SMART+假tDCS | 左侧额下回 | 2 | 0.13 | 20min 2次/周,4周 | 8次 | 抑制SMART训练对抑制、创新、情景记忆等认知领域的改善 | 6 |
Note: RCT randomized controlled trial, DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, WMT working memory training, NM not mentioned, core cognitive training, smart reasoning training. |
图2 偏倚风险图:对所有纳入研究产生偏倚风险项目所占百分比的判断Fig.2 Bias risk map: judgment on the percentage of all included studies with bias risk |
表2 不同亚组分析及相应敏感性分析纳入研究及分析结果Tab.2 Included studies and analysis results of different subgroup analysis and corresponding sensitivity analysis |
亚组 | 数据组数量 | 样本量(A/S) | SMD(95%CI) | P值 | 异质性 | 敏感性分析剔除文献 | P值(敏感性分析后) | 异质性(敏感性分析后) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
刺激部位 | ||||||||
左侧DLPFC | 10 | 238/234 | 0.58(0.07,1.10) | 0.03 | 85% | 王东2016、 胡荣亮2020 | 0.26 | 0% |
右侧DLPFC | 3 | 86/85 | 0.55(0.04,1.07) | 0.04 | 63% | / | / | / |
单侧/双侧 额颞顶叶 | 6 | 139/132 | 0.73(0.36,1.09) | 0.0001 | 41% | Lu2019 | <0.00001 | 0% |
右侧小脑 | 1 | 18/21 | 3.39(2.38,4.40) | <0.00001 | / | / | / | / |
电流密度 | ||||||||
0.03mA/cm2 | 1 | 18/21 | 3.39(2.38,4.40) | <0.00001 | / | / | / | / |
0.06mA/cm2 | 6 | 167/162 | 0.48(0.12,0.85) | 0.01 | 57% | Martin2019 | 0.0003 | 30% |
0.07mA/cm2 | 1 | 11/7 | 0.58(-0.39,1.55) | 0.24 | / | / | / | / |
0.08mA/cm2 | 4 | 75/74 | 0.43(-0.09,0.96) | 0.10 | 57% | Stonsaovapak2020 | 0.39 | 0% |
0.1mA/cm2 | 1 | 21/24 | 0.13(-0.46,0.71) | 0.67 | / | / | / | / |
0.11mA/cm2 | 1 | 20/20 | 4.08(2.95,5.20) | <0.00001 | / | / | / | / |
2.5mA/cm2 | 2 | 22/22 | 1.02(0.38,1.66) | 0.002 | 0% | |||
刺激次数 | ||||||||
≤20次 | 15 | 338/333 | 0.80(0.36,1.23) | 0.0004 | 85% | 胡荣亮2016、 胡荣亮2020、 Stonsaovapak2020 | 0.003 | 33% |
20-40次 | 2 | 63/63 | 0.30(-0.05,0.65) | 0.09 | 0% | / | / | / |
≥40次 | 3 | 80/76 | 0.99(0.66,1.33) | <0.00001 | 0% | / | / | / |
认知障碍程度 | ||||||||
AD | 9 | 164/158 | 0.79(0.53,1.04) | <0.00001 | 11% | / | / | / |
MCI | 11 | 317/314 | 0.80(0.28,1.31) | 0.002 | 89% | 胡荣亮2016、 胡荣亮2020、Stonsaovapak2020 | 0.03 | 0% |
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